LAB Write up
Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to find and track the history of our DNA. We also were practicing proper lab technique.
Hypothesis: If the procedure goes as planned and I get results then I would be able to use the PCR to research the history of my DNA and measure the amount of Alu repeats that my DNA has.
Procedure: We worked in accordance with BABEC Alu PCR, 2017. http://babec.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Alu_Student_Guide_2017.pdf
Data/Observations:
In this lab we useod a 2% agarose gel ran at 150 v for 20 minutes and stained using gelred for 72 hours. Lane A1 and B1 have a 100 bp ladder lane A2-8 and B2-8 have a 20ml (microliters) of a 50ml DNA/ 10ml loading dye solution. Lane A4 has my DNA sample I loaded. On day 1 I noticed that it really made a difference whether or not you balance the centrifuge because if you don’t the tube wouldn’t be mixed correctly. On day 2 I realised the ice was very hard to control because our pcr tubes wouldn’t stand up and would fall down. When we got to the third day I observed that when we added the gel red dye to our mixture in our pcr tube it changed the color of the liquid purple.
Analysis/ Discussion: Since my slot is A4 you can see that I was one of the few that got results. If you want to see my results they are shown as a small orange bar in the A4 slot.To measure the Alu Repeats we look at the ladder on the left in slot A1. Because of the ladder in A1 slot we can see that my results are that I have -/- Alu Repeats.
If I do the math for a imaginary class (because our class didn’t get enough results) we can find out the allele frequency.
+/+=15 students 2*37=74 alleles
+/-= 10 students “+” allele “-” alleles
-/-=12 students 2*15=30 2*12=24
total :37 _____10_ _____10_
40 total “+” alleles 40/74=.54=p 34 total “-” alleles 34/74=.46=q
.54+.46=1 p²+2pq+q²=1
p²= frequency of +/+ =.54² =.2916 *37 =11 students 11
2pq= frequency of +/- =2(.46)(.54)=.4968*37=18 students 18
q² = frequency of -/- =.46² .2116/1*37= 8 students __8__
37
My hypothesis was correct because I got results for this lab that show my type of Alu Repeats in my DNA. There were a few errors in this lab such as not loading the dye in the correct way while practicing, not balancing the centrifuge, not properly marking pcr tubes and getting them mixed up, and not paying enough attention . We could improve this lab in a couple of ways like doing it in a bigger space, and keeping it more sterile. I don’t need to further investigate any more because I already got my results.
Conclusion: My discovery was that I have -/- Alu Repeats in this lab I learned to take my DNA add master mix, PCR and gel dye. The evidence for this was the result I got by reading the ladder and seeing my DNA sample. I then learned to inject the mixture into a gel and get results from that gel telling me what type of Alu Repeats are in my DNA.
Hypothesis: If the procedure goes as planned and I get results then I would be able to use the PCR to research the history of my DNA and measure the amount of Alu repeats that my DNA has.
Procedure: We worked in accordance with BABEC Alu PCR, 2017. http://babec.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Alu_Student_Guide_2017.pdf
Data/Observations:
In this lab we useod a 2% agarose gel ran at 150 v for 20 minutes and stained using gelred for 72 hours. Lane A1 and B1 have a 100 bp ladder lane A2-8 and B2-8 have a 20ml (microliters) of a 50ml DNA/ 10ml loading dye solution. Lane A4 has my DNA sample I loaded. On day 1 I noticed that it really made a difference whether or not you balance the centrifuge because if you don’t the tube wouldn’t be mixed correctly. On day 2 I realised the ice was very hard to control because our pcr tubes wouldn’t stand up and would fall down. When we got to the third day I observed that when we added the gel red dye to our mixture in our pcr tube it changed the color of the liquid purple.
Analysis/ Discussion: Since my slot is A4 you can see that I was one of the few that got results. If you want to see my results they are shown as a small orange bar in the A4 slot.To measure the Alu Repeats we look at the ladder on the left in slot A1. Because of the ladder in A1 slot we can see that my results are that I have -/- Alu Repeats.
If I do the math for a imaginary class (because our class didn’t get enough results) we can find out the allele frequency.
+/+=15 students 2*37=74 alleles
+/-= 10 students “+” allele “-” alleles
-/-=12 students 2*15=30 2*12=24
total :37 _____10_ _____10_
40 total “+” alleles 40/74=.54=p 34 total “-” alleles 34/74=.46=q
.54+.46=1 p²+2pq+q²=1
p²= frequency of +/+ =.54² =.2916 *37 =11 students 11
2pq= frequency of +/- =2(.46)(.54)=.4968*37=18 students 18
q² = frequency of -/- =.46² .2116/1*37= 8 students __8__
37
My hypothesis was correct because I got results for this lab that show my type of Alu Repeats in my DNA. There were a few errors in this lab such as not loading the dye in the correct way while practicing, not balancing the centrifuge, not properly marking pcr tubes and getting them mixed up, and not paying enough attention . We could improve this lab in a couple of ways like doing it in a bigger space, and keeping it more sterile. I don’t need to further investigate any more because I already got my results.
Conclusion: My discovery was that I have -/- Alu Repeats in this lab I learned to take my DNA add master mix, PCR and gel dye. The evidence for this was the result I got by reading the ladder and seeing my DNA sample. I then learned to inject the mixture into a gel and get results from that gel telling me what type of Alu Repeats are in my DNA.
Evolution concepts
Evolution: Gradual change of organisms
Natural selection: the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.
Mutaion: Small random changes in organisms
Adaptation: A mutation that speads in a species
Speciation: the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
Taxonomy: the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
Natural selection: the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.
Mutaion: Small random changes in organisms
Adaptation: A mutation that speads in a species
Speciation: the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
Taxonomy: the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
Reflection
This was a fun lab I got along with my group and it was fun cool to actually use pipetting for something that we would get results for. I was one of the only ones to get results for my DNA but it was very hard to understand them and I still don't really know what some of the terms mean. Overall this was good lab and had fun doing it. My low in this project was when I wasn't able to find my PCR tube because there were so many people trying to get theirs. My high was when I got actual results for my DNA even though I didn't quite know what they meant.